Takeaways
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a beneficial probiotic yeast
- It supports digestive health and immune function
- This yeast enhances nutrient absorption in the gut
- S. cerevisiae has a strong safety profile as a supplement
- Research shows promise for various health applications
- It offers unique advantages compared to bacterial probiotics
What is Saccharomyces Cerevisiae?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly called baker’s or brewer’s yeast, is a type of yeast that is a single-celled fungus.[1] This microorganism has been used for thousands of years in the production of bread and beer.[2] Beyond its role in cooking, S. cerevisiae is also a helpful probiotic that can contribute to better health.
S. cerevisiae was initially found on grape skins in the 1800s.[3] Since then, scientists have learned that this yeast grows naturally on many fruits and grains. Today, it has numerous applications, ranging from food production to research in both science and medicine.[4]
This yeast is quite versatile, playing a key role in bread rising and giving alcoholic beverages their alcohol content.[5] It’s also essential in the production of vitamins, some medicines, and even vaccines.[6] The uses of S. cerevisiae extend well beyond the kitchen.
The Biology of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
Structure and Characteristics
S. cerevisiae is a single-celled fungus with an oval shape, and it is very small, requiring a microscope to be seen.[7] The cell is enclosed by a strong outer wall and contains the typical parts of a eukaryotic cell, such as a nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles.[8]
This yeast can grow rapidly, dividing approximately every 90 minutes when conditions are ideal.[9] It reproduces through a process called budding, where a small bud forms on the parent cell, grows, breaks off, and becomes a new yeast cell.[10] This efficient process allows S. cerevisiae to multiply quickly.
Genetic Makeup
S. cerevisiae has a relatively small genome and was the first eukaryotic organism to have its entire genome sequenced in 1996.[11] The yeast contains about 6,000 genes, and many of these genes share similarities with human genes, making S. cerevisiae a useful tool for genetic research.[12]
Scientists use this yeast as a model organism to investigate human diseases.[13] They can study gene functions in a simple system, which has led to several important discoveries. This research has improved our understanding of cancer, aging, and other complex biological processes.
Feature | S. cerevisiae | Other Yeasts |
---|---|---|
Genome Size | 12 million base pairs | Varies (usually larger) |
Chromosome Number | 16 | Varies |
Cell Shape | Oval | Can be round or elongated |
Fermentation | Efficient | Less efficient |
Use in Research | Widespread | Less common |
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae as a Probiotic
S. cerevisiae is becoming more known for its probiotic qualities.[14] Probiotics are live microorganisms that have positive health effects. While most probiotics are bacteria, S. cerevisiae is a yeast probiotic, which gives it different characteristics and advantages.[15]
Unlike bacterial probiotics, S. cerevisiae can survive the acidic environment of the stomach and reach the intestines alive and active, where it can provide beneficial effects.[16] This yeast doesn’t permanently reside in the gut and passes through in a few days, but it still delivers health benefits during this time.[17]
- Supports digestive health
- Enhances immune function
- Improves nutrient absorption
- Helps balance gut microbiota
- May reduce inflammation
Mechanisms of Action
S. cerevisiae acts in several ways within the gut, such as by competing with harmful microbes for space and nutrients, which helps control the growth of bad bacteria.[18] It also produces helpful compounds, including vitamins and enzymes that help with digestion.[19]
This yeast interacts with immune cells in the gut and can either stimulate or calm immune responses to maintain a balanced system.[20] S. cerevisiae also reinforces the gut barrier, preventing harmful substances from entering the bloodstream.[21]
Health Benefits of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
Digestive Health
S. cerevisiae can enhance various aspects of digestion. It helps break down food more efficiently, which can reduce gas and bloating.[22] Additionally, this yeast promotes regular bowel movements and can help with both constipation and diarrhea.[23]
Research has shown that S. cerevisiae can help with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) by reducing symptoms such as abdominal pain and irregular bowel movements.[24] The yeast may also help with inflammatory bowel diseases by decreasing inflammation in the gut.[25]
Immune System Support
A healthy gut is important for a strong immune system, and S. cerevisiae supports both gut health and immunity.[26] It encourages the production of antibodies, which help fight infections, and it activates immune cells to make them more effective at stopping pathogens.[27]
Studies indicate that S. cerevisiae can reduce the risk of infections, particularly traveler’s diarrhea.[28] It may also help with allergies by adjusting immune responses to lessen allergy symptoms.[29]
Nutrient Absorption
S. cerevisiae helps improve nutrient absorption through several mechanisms. It produces enzymes that break down food, making nutrients easier to absorb, and it also creates a better environment in the gut that facilitates enhanced nutrient uptake.[30]
Nutrient | How S. cerevisiae Enhances Absorption |
---|---|
B Vitamins | Produces and increases bioavailability |
Iron | Enhances absorption and reduces inhibitors |
Zinc | Improves uptake and utilization |
Selenium | Increases absorption and retention |
Magnesium | Aids in absorption and cellular uptake |
S. cerevisiae contains B vitamins and helps the body absorb them more effectively.[31] This yeast also improves mineral absorption, especially iron, which can be useful in preventing anemia.[32]
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae in Human Supplementation
Forms and Dosage
S. cerevisiae supplements are available in various forms, most commonly as capsules or powders.[33] Some products contain whole yeast cells, while others utilize extracts or specific components of the yeast.[34]
The appropriate dosage of S. cerevisiae can vary based on the product and its intended use. A typical daily dose is between 500 and 1000 mg, though higher doses may be recommended for certain conditions.[35] It’s best to follow the instructions on the product label or consult with a healthcare provider for personalized advice.
Safety and Side Effects
S. cerevisiae has a long history of safe use, as it has been used in food for thousands of years. Most people can consume it without experiencing adverse effects, and the FDA classifies it as “Generally Recognized as Safe” (GRAS).[36]
Some individuals may experience mild side effects like gas or bloating, but these typically resolve as the body adjusts.[37] Serious side effects are rare, but those with weakened immune systems should take caution and consult a doctor before using S. cerevisiae.[38]
Scientific Research on Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
S. cerevisiae has been extensively studied, with research focusing on its effects on various health conditions.[39] Many of these studies have shown positive outcomes, but continued research is still needed in some areas.
Recent studies highlight S. cerevisiae’s positive impact on gut health by showing that it can improve digestive symptoms and may help with conditions like IBS and inflammatory bowel disease.[40] Research also supports its immune-enhancing properties.[41]
- Reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome
- Improves nutrient absorption, especially iron
- Enhances immune function and reduces infections
- May help manage inflammatory bowel diseases
- Shows potential in managing blood sugar levels
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae vs. Other Probiotics
Compared to bacterial probiotics, S. cerevisiae offers some unique advantages. It demonstrates more resistance to antibiotics, meaning it can be taken alongside antibiotic treatments.[42] It also survives stomach acid better than many bacteria.[43]
Unlike certain bacterial probiotics, S. cerevisiae does not colonize the gut. It passes through in a few days, which can be an advantage as it reduces the risk of overgrowth or long-term changes to the gut’s bacteria.[44]
Incorporating Saccharomyces Cerevisiae into Your Diet
S. cerevisiae can be found in common foods like bread and beer, although these may not provide enough for probiotic benefits.[45] Nutritional yeast is also a good dietary source and is often used as a cheese substitute in vegan diets.[46]
For probiotic benefits, supplements are often the best option as they provide controlled doses of live yeast.[47] When adding S. cerevisiae to your diet, it’s recommended to start slowly and gradually increase the amount to avoid any digestive discomfort.[48]
- Choose a high-quality S. cerevisiae supplement
- Start with a low dose, such as 250 mg per day
- Take the supplement with food to reduce potential side effects
- Gradually increase the dose over a few weeks
- Monitor for any changes in digestion or overall health
Potential Applications Beyond Gut Health
S. cerevisiae shows promise beyond digestive health, and research is investigating its effects on metabolism. It may help manage blood sugar levels, which could be beneficial for individuals with diabetes or prediabetes.
Some studies suggest S. cerevisiae may have anti-cancer properties and could enhance the effectiveness of cancer treatments. It’s also being explored for its potential benefits to skin health, including wound healing and combating skin infections.
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae in Food and Beverage Production
S. cerevisiae has been vital in food production for thousands of years. It’s a key ingredient in bread making, fermenting sugars in the dough to produce carbon dioxide which makes the bread rise, as well as producing flavors that give bread its unique taste.
In brewing, S. cerevisiae converts sugar into alcohol, which is how beer and wine are made. Different strains of the yeast result in different flavors, allowing for a diverse range of alcoholic beverages.
Environmental and Industrial Uses
S. cerevisiae isn’t just used in food and health; it also plays a role in various industrial processes. It’s used to produce biofuels by fermenting plant materials into ethanol, which is a renewable alternative to fossil fuels.
S. cerevisiae is used in waste management to help break down organic waste and turn food waste into useful products. It’s also used in bioremediation to help clean up environmental pollutants.
The Future of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Research
Research on S. cerevisiae is constantly expanding as scientists explore new ways to use this versatile yeast. One focus is genetic engineering, where researchers are modifying S. cerevisiae to produce medicines and chemicals.
Personalized medicine is another promising area, and S. cerevisiae could help tailor treatments to individual patients. It may be used to test how a person will respond to different drugs, which could lead to more effective and safer treatments.
FAQ: People Also Ask
In summary, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a versatile and beneficial yeast, with uses ranging from traditional food production to advanced medical research. As a probiotic, it offers unique advantages for gut health and immune support. While some areas require more research, current evidence suggests S. cerevisiae is a safe and effective supplement for many people. As science continues to progress, we are likely to discover even more ways this tiny fungus can benefit our health and the world.What is Saccharomyces cerevisiae used for?
Is Saccharomyces cerevisiae safe to consume?
How does Saccharomyces cerevisiae differ from other probiotics?
Can Saccharomyces cerevisiae help with digestive issues?
What are the side effects of taking Saccharomyces cerevisiae?
How long does it take for Saccharomyces cerevisiae to work?
Is Saccharomyces cerevisiae the same as brewer’s yeast?
Can Saccharomyces cerevisiae cause yeast infections?
How does Saccharomyces cerevisiae support immune function?
Are there any drug interactions with Saccharomyces cerevisiae?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is indeed a species of yeast, which are single-celled fungi, and it is well-known for its use in baking and brewing.
Source: “D-Xylose Sensing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Insights from D-Glucose Signaling and Native D-Xylose Utilizers” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8625115/
The use of S. cerevisiae for fermenting grains into alcoholic beverages and leavening bread dates back to ancient civilizations.
While early uses of S. cerevisiae predate the 1800s, it was during this time that its scientific study and isolation were formalized, and grapes were identified as one of its natural habitats.
Source: “D-Xylose Sensing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Insights from D-Glucose Signaling and Native D-Xylose Utilizers” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8625115/
S. cerevisiae’s versatility makes it important in numerous fields, including food fermentation, genetic research, and pharmaceutical production.
Source: “Vitamin requirements and biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7187267/
The yeast ferments sugars into carbon dioxide (for bread rising) and alcohol, making it indispensable in baking and brewing.
Source: “Phenolic Compound Profiles in Alcoholic Black Currant Beverages Produced by Fermentation with Saccharomyces and Non-Saccharomyces Yeasts” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7660742/
Through genetic engineering and fermentation processes, S. cerevisiae can be modified to produce various compounds, including pharmaceuticals and vitamins.
Source: “Transcriptional Profiling of Biofilm Regulators Identified by an Overexpression Screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5555487/
S. cerevisiae cells are indeed microscopic, requiring a microscope to be viewed, and they typically have an oval or ellipsoidal shape.
Source: “D-Xylose Sensing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Insights from D-Glucose Signaling and Native D-Xylose Utilizers” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8625115/
As a eukaryotic cell, S. cerevisiae has a cell wall and internal membrane-bound organelles.
Source: “Heterologous Expression and Auto-Activation of Human Pro-Inflammatory Caspase-1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Comparison to Caspase-8” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8317575/
Under optimal conditions, the generation time of S. cerevisiae is about 90 minutes, allowing for rapid growth.
Source: “What are the 100 most cited fungal genera?” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11293126/
Budding involves the formation of a new cell from a small outgrowth or bud from the parent cell, and it is the primary mode of asexual reproduction for S. cerevisiae.
Source: “MIL-CELL: a tool for multi-scale simulation of yeast replication and prion transmission” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10682183/
S. cerevisiae has a compact genome compared to many eukaryotes and it was indeed the first eukaryotic organism to have its genome sequenced (in 1996).
Source: “Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7996087/
The yeast genome contains roughly 6,000 genes and a significant portion of them have functional counterparts (homologs) in humans, which facilitates research in human genetics and diseases.
Source: “D-Xylose Sensing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Insights from D-Glucose Signaling and Native D-Xylose Utilizers” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8625115/
Its genetic tractability, relatively simple biology, and gene similarities with humans make S. cerevisiae a valuable tool in understanding disease mechanisms.
Research is increasingly highlighting the probiotic benefits of S. cerevisiae strains, particularly regarding gut health and immunity.
Source: “Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a probiotic feed additive to non and pseudo-ruminant feeding: a review.” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31429174/
Unlike most probiotics, which are bacteria, S. cerevisiae is a yeast, and this difference provides some unique properties such as increased tolerance to harsh conditions like gastric acid.
Source: “Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a probiotic feed additive to non and pseudo-ruminant feeding: a review.” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31429174/
S. cerevisiae exhibits greater resistance to low pH than many bacterial probiotics, enabling it to reach the intestines in a viable and active state.
Source: “Lactobacillus (L. plantarum & L. rhamnosus) and Saccharomyces (S. cerevisiae): effects on performance, biochemical parameters, ammonium ion in manure, and digestibility of broiler chickens” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9982685/
S. cerevisiae does not establish long term residency within the gut, rather it passes through within a few days. Despite this, it can still offer benefits during its transit.
Source: “Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a probiotic feed additive to non and pseudo-ruminant feeding: a review.” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31429174/
S. cerevisiae has demonstrated the ability to compete with other microorganisms for resources and adhesion sites in the gut, which may help reduce the growth and impact of pathogenic bacteria.
Source: “Potential benefits of yeast Saccharomyces and their derivatives in dogs and cats: a review” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10634211/
S. cerevisiae produces compounds such as B vitamins and enzymes, which can offer benefits to the host, including digestive improvement.
Source: “Lactobacillus (L. plantarum & L. rhamnosus) and Saccharomyces (S. cerevisiae): effects on performance, biochemical parameters, ammonium ion in manure, and digestibility of broiler chickens” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9982685/
S. cerevisiae can interact with immune cells within the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, thus modulating immune responses to maintain a balanced state.
Source: “Dual inducible expression of recombinant GFP and targeted antisense RNA in Lactococcus lactis” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19523486/
S. cerevisiae has demonstrated a capability to improve intestinal barrier function, thereby reducing the penetration of harmful substances into the bloodstream.
Source: “Beneficial effects of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 on clinical disorders associated with intestinal barrier disruption” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6375115/
The production of digestive enzymes by S. cerevisiae can enhance food breakdown and reduce digestive discomfort such as gas and bloating.
Source: “Lactobacillus (L. plantarum & L. rhamnosus) and Saccharomyces (S. cerevisiae): effects on performance, biochemical parameters, ammonium ion in manure, and digestibility of broiler chickens” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9982685/
S. cerevisiae can help regulate bowel function by promoting healthy transit times and stool formation, which may offer relief for both constipation and diarrhea.
Source: “Diversity of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 mechanisms of action against intestinal infections” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6526157/
Clinical studies have shown that S. cerevisiae can alleviate abdominal pain, bloating, and bowel movement irregularities associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
Source: “The Role of Oral Probiotics in Alleviating Inflammation, Symptom Relief, and Postoperative Recurrence and Their Side Effects in Adults With Crohn’s Disease: A Systematic Review” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38259373/
Studies suggest S. cerevisiae strains can modulate inflammatory responses in the gut, which may be beneficial for individuals with IBD.
Source: “The Role of Oral Probiotics in Alleviating Inflammation, Symptom Relief, and Postoperative Recurrence and Their Side Effects in Adults With Crohn’s Disease: A Systematic Review” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38259373/
S. cerevisiae aids in maintaining gut health, and the health of the gut is closely linked to immune function.
Source: “Dual inducible expression of recombinant GFP and targeted antisense RNA in Lactococcus lactis” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19523486/
Studies have shown that S. cerevisiae can stimulate the production of antibodies as well as the activation of immune cells which can aid in the body’s defense against infections.
Source: “Lactic Acid-Producing Probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae Attenuates Ulcerative Colitis via Suppressing Macrophage Pyroptosis and Modulating Gut Microbiota” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8652295/
Studies indicate that the use of S. cerevisiae has shown to reduce the incidence and severity of traveler’s diarrhea.
Source: “Diversity of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 mechanisms of action against intestinal infections” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6526157/
Research suggests that S. cerevisiae may have an impact on the immune system to modulate responses that reduce allergy symptoms.
Source: “Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a probiotic feed additive to non and pseudo-ruminant feeding: a review.” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31429174/
S. cerevisiae can enhance nutrient uptake by aiding in food breakdown with its enzymes as well as improving the gut environment for better absorption.
Source: “Effects of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Cultures on Performance and Immune Performance of Dairy Cows During Heat Stress” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8921483/
S. cerevisiae can produce and contain B vitamins and may improve the absorption of B vitamins through a healthier gut environment.
Source: “Adaptive Laboratory Evolution and Reverse Engineering of Single-Vitamin Prototrophies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7267190/
There is evidence that S. cerevisiae may contribute to increased mineral absorption including iron, which could potentially help with preventing anemia however more research is needed on the topic.
Source: “An atlas of rational genetic engineering strategies for improved xylose metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10691383/
S. cerevisiae probiotic supplements can be found in various forms, the most commonly found are capsules or powders.
Source: “ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6090881/
S. cerevisiae supplements may contain whole live yeast cells, or specific components or extracts that are isolated from the yeast.
Source: “ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6090881/
The typical daily dose of S. cerevisiae supplements can be around 500-1000 mg but dosage can vary based on use case and product.
Source: “Construction and verification of CYP3A5 gene polymorphisms using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression system to predict drug metabolism” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5364972/
The FDA has classified S. cerevisiae as GRAS due to its long use in food and safety.
Source: “A Review of the Toxicity of Ingredients in e-Cigarettes, Including Those Ingredients Having the FDA’s “Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)” Regulatory Status for Use in Food” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11494494/
Some individuals may experience digestive discomfort such as gas or bloating after starting S. cerevisiae supplements, but these are often transient and improve as the body adjusts.
Source: “D-Xylose Sensing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Insights from D-Glucose Signaling and Native D-Xylose Utilizers” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8625115/
Serious side effects from S. cerevisiae are rare in healthy individuals, but those with weakened immune systems should be cautious and discuss its use with a healthcare provider.
Source: “Microbial Interaction between Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Transcriptome Level Mechanism of Cell-Cell Antagonism” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9604076/
S. cerevisiae has been the subject of extensive research in many different areas such as food and beverage production and health and therapeutic applications.
Source: “Vitamin requirements and biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7187267/
Recent studies have focused on the positive effects of S. cerevisiae on the gut and have indicated benefits with digestive symptoms as well as with irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases.
Source: “The Role of Oral Probiotics in Alleviating Inflammation, Symptom Relief, and Postoperative Recurrence and Their Side Effects in Adults With Crohn’s Disease: A Systematic Review” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38259373/
A growing body of research supports the notion that S. cerevisiae can modulate immune responses.
Source: “Lactic Acid-Producing Probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae Attenuates Ulcerative Colitis via Suppressing Macrophage Pyroptosis and Modulating Gut Microbiota” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8652295/
S. cerevisiae has an increased resistance to antibiotics, making it an alternative to bacterial probiotics when antibiotics are in use.
Source: “Lactobacillus (L. plantarum & L. rhamnosus) and Saccharomyces (S. cerevisiae): effects on performance, biochemical parameters, ammonium ion in manure, and digestibility of broiler chickens” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9982685/
S. cerevisiae has the ability to survive the harsh acidic environment of the stomach and maintain activity as it reaches the intestines.
Source: “Lactobacillus (L. plantarum & L. rhamnosus) and Saccharomyces (S. cerevisiae): effects on performance, biochemical parameters, ammonium ion in manure, and digestibility of broiler chickens” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9982685/
S. cerevisiae has a transient presence in the gut; it does not establish long-term residency in the gut which can prevent issues with overgrowth and long term changes.
Source: “Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a probiotic feed additive to non and pseudo-ruminant feeding: a review.” https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31429174/
While S. cerevisiae is used in bread and beer production, these sources may not contain enough live yeast to provide probiotic benefits.
Source: “Occurrence and Importance of Yeasts in Indigenous Fermented Food and Beverages Produced in Sub-Saharan Africa” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6691171/
Nutritional yeast, which is generally a strain of S. cerevisiae, is often used as a cheese substitute because of its flavor and can be a good dietary source of B vitamins.
Source: “Yeast Protein as an Easily Accessible Food Source” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8780597/
For predictable and reliable probiotic benefits, supplements are often preferred because they contain controlled doses of live, active yeast.
Source: “ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6090881/
When adding S. cerevisiae supplements it is best to gradually increase the dosage to avoid side effects such as gas and bloating.
Source: “Vitamin requirements and biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7187267/