Lemon Balm: Potential Side Effects

Takeaways

• Lemon balm can cause drowsiness and sedation
• It may interact with thyroid medications
• Gastrointestinal issues are possible side effects
• Long-term safety data is limited
• Proper dosing is essential to minimize risks
• Consult a doctor before use, especially if pregnant

What is Lemon Balm?

Lemon balm, scientifically known as Melissa officinalis, is a member of the mint family. This herb is native to regions including Europe, North Africa, and West Asia. For many centuries, people have used lemon balm in traditional medicine practices.

Lemon balm is characterized by its distinct lemony scent and flavor. The plant’s leaves are oval-shaped with toothed edges, and it produces small white flowers. It’s known to grow easily in a variety of climates and garden settings.

Traditionally, herbalists have valued lemon balm for its perceived calming properties. It has been used to help reduce anxiety, promote restful sleep, and support healthy digestion. Recent research into its potential benefits has increased modern interest in lemon balm.

Today, lemon balm is available in several different forms.

• Dried leaves for tea
• Liquid extracts
• Capsules and tablets
• Essential oils
• Topical creams

Chemical Composition

Lemon balm contains a variety of active chemical compounds. These substances are believed to be responsible for the herb’s effects on both the body and mind.

The primary groups of chemical compounds found in lemon balm are:

• Terpenes
• Flavonoids
• Phenolic acids

These compounds are thought to work in combination to produce lemon balm’s effects. For instance, rosmarinic acid may help to lessen inflammation. Citral, on the other hand, is believed to contribute to the herb’s calming qualities.

The precise chemical makeup of lemon balm can differ based on factors such as growing conditions and the methods used to process it. These variations can have an impact on the potency and resulting effects of lemon balm products.

Potential Benefits

Lemon balm has become popular due to its potential health benefits. Current research indicates that it might be helpful for several health concerns.

Anxiety and stress relief are often cited as key benefits of lemon balm use. Many individuals find that lemon balm helps them to feel more relaxed. Studies suggest it may reduce the symptoms of mild anxiety¹.

Lemon balm might also aid in improving sleep quality. Some individuals report experiencing quicker sleep onset and more restful sleep. Research studies have provided some support for these claims, showing improvements in sleep patterns for some users².

The potential cognitive benefits of lemon balm are also being studied. Preliminary research indicates that it may improve memory and concentration. These effects appear to be most prominent in older adults³.

Other potential benefits associated with lemon balm include:

• Digestive support
• Headache relief
• Antiviral properties
• Mood improvement
• Menstrual cramp relief

While these potential benefits are encouraging, more studies are needed. Many of the current studies are either small-scale or use animal subjects. Larger trials involving human participants would provide more robust evidence.

Common Side Effects

Like any herb, lemon balm can cause side effects in some people. The majority of these side effects are mild and tend to be short-lived.

Gastrointestinal problems are among the most frequently reported side effects. Some users have experienced:

• Nausea
• Stomach pain
• Bloating
• Increased gas

These digestive symptoms are more likely to occur with higher doses or in people who have sensitive digestive systems.

Drowsiness and sedation are also potential side effects. Because lemon balm has calming properties, some individuals might find these effects to be too strong. This drowsiness can interfere with routine activities, such as driving.

Skin reactions are possible, particularly with topical applications of lemon balm. Some individuals may experience:

• Redness
• Itching
• Rash

Allergic reactions, while infrequent, can happen. Those who are allergic to other plants in the mint family should be cautious when using lemon balm.

Other minor side effects that have been reported include:

• Headache
• Dizziness
• Increased appetite
• Wheezing (in high doses)

Most side effects tend to resolve on their own once the use of lemon balm is discontinued. Lowering the dose often helps in lessening these side effects.

Serious Side Effects

Although rare, some individuals have experienced more serious side effects from using lemon balm. These more serious effects require prompt medical attention.

One significant concern is the potential for interference with thyroid function. Lemon balm may affect the body’s levels of thyroid hormones. This could be particularly dangerous for people who have existing thyroid conditions⁴.

Another serious risk involves potential drug interactions. Lemon balm can interact with several medications such as:

• Sedatives
• Thyroid medications
• Some HIV medications
• Certain diabetes drugs

These interactions could potentially lead to amplified side effects or reduce the intended effectiveness of the medications.

Pregnant and breastfeeding women should use caution with lemon balm. There isn’t enough reliable research to confirm its safety during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

If you experience serious side effects, it is important to:

1. Stop using lemon balm immediately
2. Contact your healthcare provider
3. Seek emergency care if symptoms are severe
4. Report the reaction to the FDA or relevant authority
5. Keep the product for potential testing

It’s crucial to inform your doctor about any herbal supplements you are taking. This information can help prevent harmful interactions with other medications or treatments.

Dosage and Administration

The correct dosage of lemon balm is important for safe use. The appropriate dose depends on several factors.

Typical dosage guidelines vary based on the form of lemon balm used:

• Tea: 1.5 to 4.5 grams of dried herb per cup, up to 4 times daily
• Capsules: 300 to 1200 mg daily, divided into 2-3 doses
• Liquid extract: 60 to 180 drops daily, divided into 2-3 doses

Factors that can influence the appropriate dosage of lemon balm include:

• Age
• Weight
• Overall health
• Specific condition being treated

For safe use of lemon balm, remember to:

• Start with a low dose
• Increase gradually if needed
• Don’t exceed recommended amounts
• Take breaks from use periodically
• Consult a healthcare provider for personalized advice

Keep in mind that taking more is not always better. Higher doses of lemon balm can increase your risk of side effects.

Drug Interactions

Lemon balm may interact with various types of medications. These interactions can alter how these drugs function within the body.

Sedatives and sleep aids are a primary concern for interactions. Lemon balm might intensify the effects of these medications. This combination can cause excessive drowsiness. Examples include:

• Benzodiazepines
• Barbiturates
• Zolpidem (Ambien)

Lemon balm may also interact with thyroid medications. The herb may interfere with the body’s use of thyroid hormones. This could make thyroid medications less effective.

Other types of medications that may interact with lemon balm include:

• HIV protease inhibitors
• Glaucoma medications
• Cholinergic drugs
• Some antidepressants

To avoid the possibility of dangerous interactions, it’s crucial to:

• Tell your doctor about all supplements you take
• Don’t combine lemon balm with sedatives
• Avoid use before surgery
• Check with a pharmacist before starting new medications
• Monitor for unusual effects when combining supplements

It’s always best to be extra cautious when considering the potential for interactions between herbal supplements and prescription medications.

Precautions and Contraindications

Some individuals should avoid lemon balm altogether or use it with extreme caution. Certain pre-existing health conditions increase the risk of adverse side effects.

People with thyroid disorders should be especially careful when considering lemon balm. The herb can interfere with thyroid function, which could worsen existing conditions or make treatments less effective.

Individuals scheduled for surgery should discontinue lemon balm use. The herb can potentially enhance the effects of anesthesia. This interaction may lead to complications during the surgery.

Other conditions where caution is advised include:

• Diabetes (may affect blood sugar)
• Glaucoma (may increase eye pressure)
• Anxiety disorders (may worsen symptoms in some cases)
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding (due to lack of safety data)

Before beginning lemon balm supplementation, it’s important to:

1. Consult with a healthcare provider
2. Review your current medications and supplements
3. Discuss your medical history and any existing conditions
4. Consider alternatives if you have contraindications
5. Start with a low dose if approved for use

Taking these precautions will help to make sure that lemon balm is a safe choice for your particular situation.

Quality and Safety Considerations

The quality of lemon balm products significantly influences both their safety and effectiveness. The dietary supplement industry has less stringent oversight, which can lead to variability in product quality.

The lack of strict regulation allows for some lower quality products to be available on the market. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) does not approve herbal supplements before they go on sale. They only take action if problems surface after a product has been marketed.

Some lemon balm products may contain contaminants or adulterants, which pose safety risks. These may include:

• Heavy metals
• Pesticides
• Microbes
• Undeclared ingredients

Third-party testing is one way to help confirm product quality. Look for certifications from independent organizations like:

• USP (United States Pharmacopeia)
• NSF International
• ConsumerLab

To select high-quality lemon balm products, consider the following guidelines:

• Buy from reputable sources
• Look for standardized extracts
• Check for third-party certifications
• Read product labels carefully
• Avoid products with outlandish claims

Quality is very important for both safety and product effectiveness. Do not sacrifice product quality when choosing lemon balm supplements.

Long-term Use and Tolerance

The safety and effectiveness of long-term lemon balm use are not fully understood. Research on extended use is still limited.

Tolerance may develop with regular daily use over long periods. This might mean you need to take higher doses to achieve the same effect. Developing a tolerance may also increase the risk of adverse side effects.

Long-term safety data is currently lacking. The majority of studies primarily examine short-term use. The potential risks of consumption over many years are not fully known.

Some experts advise cycling lemon balm use. This means taking periodic breaks from taking the herb. This strategy may help to prevent tolerance and reduce any unknown risks from long-term use.

If you plan to use lemon balm for an extended time, consider these recommendations:

1. Consult a healthcare provider regularly
2. Monitor for changes in effectiveness
3. Take periodic breaks from use
4. Use the lowest effective dose
5. Stay informed about new research

Remember that ‘natural’ does not automatically mean safe for long-term use. It’s wise to be cautious with any supplement that is used over an extended time.

Comparing Lemon Balm to Other Herbs

Lemon balm shares some similar qualities with other herbs that have calming effects. Comparing these herbs will help you choose the most suitable option.

Chamomile is another herb frequently compared to lemon balm for its relaxing effects. Both herbs are known for their calming properties. Chamomile tends to be gentler and less likely to cause drowsiness, while lemon balm may be more effective for managing anxiety.

Valerian is another herb that is used to support sleep. It is generally stronger than lemon balm. Valerian may cause more side effects, including vivid dreams. Lemon balm provides milder sleep support with fewer risks of side effects.

Combining lemon balm with other supplements is common. Some common combinations include:

• Lemon balm and chamomile for enhanced relaxation
• Lemon balm and valerian for stronger sleep support
• Lemon balm and passionflower for anxiety relief

It’s always best to research any combinations before trying them. Some herbs may interact or have additive effects, which may not be desirable.

FAQ

Conclusion

Lemon balm has potential benefits for anxiety, sleep issues, and cognitive function. It’s historical use and the findings of current research support the popularity of this herb.

However, just like any supplement, lemon balm comes with potential risks. Side effects, although typically mild, can occur. Drug interactions and effects on thyroid function are serious considerations for some individuals.

To use lemon balm safely:

• Start with low doses
• Be aware of potential side effects
• Inform your healthcare providers
• Choose high-quality products
• Avoid use if you have contraindications

Lemon balm may be a helpful tool for many people; however, it is not a risk-free option, and it is not a cure for any underlying condition. Use it wisely as part of a comprehensive approach to health.

Remember that herbal supplements are not meant to replace medical treatment. They should supplement a healthy lifestyle. Always seek professional medical advice for any persistent health concerns.

Stay well-informed, listen to your body, and make choices that support your overall well-being. When used carefully, lemon balm may offer benefits without undue risks.

1. Kennedy, D. O., Little, W., & Scholey, A. B. (2004). Attenuation of laboratory-induced stress in humans after acute administration of Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm). Psychosomatic Medicine, 66(4), 607-613. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15272110/

2. Cases, J., Ibarra, A., Feuillère, N., Roller, M., & Sukkar, S. G. (2011). Pilot trial of Melissa officinalis L. leaf extract in the treatment of volunteers suffering from mild-to-moderate anxiety disorders and sleep disturbances. Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 4(3), 211-218. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12349-010-0045-4

3. Kennedy, D. O., Scholey, A. B., Tildesley, N. T., Perry, E. K., & Wesnes, K. A. (2002). Modulation of mood and cognitive performance following acute administration of Melissa officinalis (lemon balm). Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 72(4), 953-964. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12062586/

4. Auf’mkolk, M., Ingbar, J. C., Kubota, K., Amir, S. M., & Ingbar, S. H. (1985). Extracts and auto-oxidized constituents of certain plants inhibit the receptor-binding and the biological activity of Graves’ immunoglobulins. Endocrinology, 116(5), 1687-1693. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2985357/

⁵ Shakeri, A., Sahebkar, A., & Javadi, B. (2016). Melissa officinalis L. – A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 188, 204-228. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27167460/

⁶ Scholey, A., Gibbs, A., Neale, C., Perry, N., Ossoukhova, A., Bilog, V., … & Buchwald-Werner, S. (2014). Anti-stress effects of lemon balm-containing foods. Nutrients, 6(11), 4805-4821. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245564/

⁷ Ulbricht, C., Brendler, T., Gruenwald, J., Kligler, B., Keifer, D., Abrams, T. R., … & Hackman, D. A. (2005). Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.): an evidence-based systematic review by the Natural Standard ResearchCollaboration. Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy, 5(4), 71-114. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16635970/

⁸ Alijaniha, F., Naseri, M., Afsharypuor, S., Fallahi, F., Noorbala, A., Mosaddegh, M., … & Sadrai, S. (2015). Heart palpitation relief with Melissa officinalis leaf extract: double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial of efficacy and safety. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 164, 378-384. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25680840/

⁹ Haybar, H., Javid, A. Z., Haghighizadeh, M. H., Valizadeh, E., Mohaghegh, S. M., & Mohammadzadeh, A. (2018). The effects of Melissa officinalis supplementation on depression, anxiety, stress, and sleep disorder in patients with chronic stable angina. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 26, 47-52. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29908682/

¹⁰ Abdel-Naim, A. B., Alghamdi, A. A., Algandaby, M. M., Al-Abbasi, F. A., Al-Abd, A. M., Eid, B. G., … & Abdel-Sattar, E. (2021). Phenolics isolated from lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) leaves protect against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 36(1), 270-276. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33470151/

¹¹ Ghazizadeh, J., Sadigh-Eteghad, S., Marx, W., Fakhari, A., Hamedeyazdan, S., Torbati, M., … & Movafagh, A. (2020). The effects of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) on depression and anxiety in clinical trials: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytotherapy Research, 34(8), 1992-2004. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32266750/

¹² Chehroudi, S., Fatemi, M. J., Saberi Isfeedvajani, M., Salehi, S. H., Akbari, H., & Samimi, R. (2016). Effects of Melissa officinalis L. on reducing stress, alleviating anxiety disorders, depression, and insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 12, 3073-3080. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5155998/

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